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<h1 id="travessia-de-nat"><a class="header" href="#travessia-de-nat">Travessia de NAT</a></h1>
<p>A maioria dos dispositivos na internet ficam atras de um <strong>NAT</strong> (Network Address Translator). Seu roteador atribui ao seu dispositivo um endereco privado (como <code>192.168.1.100</code>) e o traduz para um endereco publico quando voce conecta para fora. Isso funciona bem para navegar na web, mas cria um problema para redes P2P: dois dispositivos atras de NATs diferentes nao conseguem se conectar diretamente sem ajuda.</p>
<p>Tesseras resolve isso com uma abordagem em tres camadas, tentando a opcao mais barata primeiro:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Conexao direta</strong> — se ambos os nos tem IPs publicos, eles conectam diretamente</li>
<li><strong>UDP hole punching</strong> — um terceiro no apresenta os dois peers para que eles possam furar seus NATs</li>
<li><strong>Relay</strong> — um no com IP publico encaminha pacotes entre os dois peers</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="descoberta-do-tipo-de-nat"><a class="header" href="#descoberta-do-tipo-de-nat">Descoberta do tipo de NAT</a></h2>
<p>Quando um no inicia, ele envia requisicoes STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT) para multiplos servidores publicos. Comparando os enderecos externos que esses servidores reportam, o no classifica seu NAT:</p>
<div class="table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<tr><th>Tipo de NAT</th><th>O que significa</th><th>Hole punching?</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><strong>Public</strong></td><td>Sem NAT — seu dispositivo tem IP publico</td><td>Nao necessario</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Cone</strong></td><td>NAT mapeia a mesma porta interna para a mesma porta externa independente do destino</td><td>Funciona bem (~80%)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Symmetric</strong></td><td>NAT atribui uma porta externa diferente para cada destino</td><td>Nao confiavel</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Unknown</strong></td><td>Nao conseguiu alcancar servidores STUN</td><td>Relay necessario</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Seu no divulga seu tipo de NAT em mensagens Pong do DHT, para que outros nos saibam se hole punching vale a pena tentar.</p>
<h2 id="hole-punching"><a class="header" href="#hole-punching">Hole punching</a></h2>
<p>Quando o no A (atras de um NAT Cone) quer conectar ao no B (tambem atras de um NAT Cone), nenhum consegue alcancar o outro diretamente. A solucao:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>A envia uma mensagem <strong>PunchIntro</strong> ao no I (um introdutor — qualquer no com IP publico que ambos conhecam). A mensagem inclui o endereco externo de A (do STUN) e uma assinatura Ed25519 provando a identidade de A.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>I verifica a assinatura e encaminha um <strong>PunchRequest</strong> a B, incluindo o endereco de A e a assinatura original.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>B verifica a assinatura (provando que a requisicao realmente veio de A, nao de uma fonte falsificada). B entao envia um pacote UDP para o endereco externo de A — isso abre um pinhole no NAT de B. B tambem envia uma mensagem <strong>PunchReady</strong> de volta a A com o endereco externo de B.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A envia um pacote UDP para o endereco externo de B. Ambos os NATs agora tem pinholes, e os dois nos podem se comunicar diretamente.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>O processo inteiro leva 2-5 segundos. As assinaturas Ed25519 previnem <strong>ataques de reflexao</strong>, onde um atacante reproduz uma introducao antiga para redirecionar trafego.</p>
<h2 id="fallback-por-relay"><a class="header" href="#fallback-por-relay">Fallback por relay</a></h2>
<p>Quando hole punching falha (NAT Symmetric, firewalls estritos ou redes corporativas), nos usam relay atraves de um no com IP publico:</p>
<ol>
<li>A envia um <strong>RelayRequest</strong> ao no R (um no com IP publico com relay habilitado).</li>
<li>R cria uma sessao e envia um <strong>RelayOffer</strong> a ambos A e B, contendo o endereco do relay e um token de sessao.</li>
<li>A e B enviam seus pacotes a R, prefixados com o token de sessao. R remove o token e encaminha o payload ao outro peer.</li>
</ol>
<p>Sessoes de relay tem limites de largura de banda:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>256 KB/s</strong> para peers com boa reciprocidade (eles armazenam fragmentos para outros)</li>
<li><strong>64 KB/s</strong> para peers sem reciprocidade</li>
<li>Sessoes nao reciprocas sao limitadas a 10 minutos</li>
</ul>
<p>Isso incentiva nos a contribuir armazenamento — bons cidadaos da rede recebem melhor servico de relay.</p>
<h2 id="migracao-de-endereco"><a class="header" href="#migracao-de-endereco">Migracao de endereco</a></h2>
<p>Quando um dispositivo movel troca de rede (Wi-Fi para celular), seu endereco IP muda. Ao inves de encerrar e reconstruir sessoes de relay, o no envia uma mensagem <strong>RelayMigrate</strong> assinada para atualizar seu endereco na sessao existente. Isso evita reestabelecer conexoes do zero.</p>
<h2 id="configuracao"><a class="header" href="#configuracao">Configuracao</a></h2>
<p>A secao <code>[nat]</code> na configuracao do daemon controla a travessia de NAT:</p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[nat]
# Servidores STUN para deteccao de tipo de NAT
stun_servers = ["stun.l.google.com:19302", "stun.cloudflare.com:3478"]
# Habilitar relay (encaminhar trafego para outros nos com NAT)
relay_enabled = false
# Maximo de sessoes de relay simultaneas
relay_max_sessions = 50
# Limite de largura de banda para peers reciprocos (KB/s)
relay_reciprocal_kbps = 256
# Limite de largura de banda para peers nao reciprocos (KB/s)
relay_bootstrap_kbps = 64
# Timeout de inatividade de sessao relay (segundos)
relay_idle_timeout_secs = 60
</code></pre>
<p>Para executar um no relay, defina <code>relay_enabled = true</code>. Seu no deve ter um IP publico (ou roteador com port forwarding) para servir como relay.</p>
<h2 id="reconexao-mobile"><a class="header" href="#reconexao-mobile">Reconexao mobile</a></h2>
<p>Quando o app Tesseras detecta uma mudanca de rede em um dispositivo movel, ele executa uma sequencia de reconexao em tres fases:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Migracao QUIC</strong> (0-2s) — QUIC suporta migracao de conexao nativamente. O app tenta migrar todas as conexoes ativas para o novo endereco.</li>
<li><strong>Re-STUN</strong> (2-5s) — descobre o novo endereco externo e re-anuncia ao DHT.</li>
<li><strong>Reestabelecimento</strong> (5-10s) — reconecta peers que a migracao nao conseguiu salvar, em ordem de prioridade: nos bootstrap primeiro, depois nos que guardam seus fragmentos, depois nos cujos fragmentos voce guarda.</li>
</ol>
<p>O app mostra progresso de reconexao atraves do stream de eventos <code>NetworkChanged</code>.</p>
<h2 id="monitoramento"><a class="header" href="#monitoramento">Monitoramento</a></h2>
<p>A travessia de NAT expoe metricas Prometheus em <code>/metrics</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>tesseras_nat_type</code> — tipo de NAT detectado atualmente</li>
<li><code>tesseras_stun_requests_total</code> / <code>tesseras_stun_failures_total</code> — confiabilidade STUN</li>
<li><code>tesseras_punch_attempts_total{initiator_nat, target_nat}</code> — taxa de sucesso de punch por par de NAT</li>
<li><code>tesseras_relay_sessions_active</code> — carga atual de relay</li>
<li><code>tesseras_relay_bytes_forwarded</code> — largura de banda total de relay</li>
<li><code>tesseras_network_change_total</code> — frequencia de mudanca de rede no mobile</li>
</ul>
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