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<h1 id="nat-traversal"><a class="header" href="#nat-traversal">NAT Traversal</a></h1>
<p>Most devices on the internet sit behind a <strong>NAT</strong> (Network Address Translator). Your router assigns your device a private address (like <code>192.168.1.100</code>) and translates it to a public address when you connect outward. This works fine for browsing the web, but it creates a problem for P2P networks: two devices behind different NATs cannot directly connect to each other without help.</p>
<p>Tesseras solves this with a three-tier approach, trying the cheapest option first:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Direct connection</strong> — if both nodes have public IPs, they connect directly</li>
<li><strong>UDP hole punching</strong> — a third node introduces the two peers so they can punch through their NATs</li>
<li><strong>Relay</strong> — a public-IP node forwards packets between the two peers</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="nat-type-discovery"><a class="header" href="#nat-type-discovery">NAT type discovery</a></h2>
<p>When a node starts, it sends STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT) requests to multiple public servers. By comparing the external addresses these servers report back, the node classifies its NAT:</p>
<div class="table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<tr><th>NAT Type</th><th>What it means</th><th>Hole punching?</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><strong>Public</strong></td><td>No NAT — your device has a public IP</td><td>Not needed</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Cone</strong></td><td>NAT maps the same internal port to the same external port regardless of destination</td><td>Works well (~80%)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Symmetric</strong></td><td>NAT assigns a different external port for each destination</td><td>Unreliable</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Unknown</strong></td><td>Could not reach STUN servers</td><td>Relay needed</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Your node advertises its NAT type in DHT Pong messages, so other nodes know whether hole punching is worth attempting.</p>
<h2 id="hole-punching"><a class="header" href="#hole-punching">Hole punching</a></h2>
<p>When node A (behind a Cone NAT) wants to connect to node B (also behind a Cone NAT), neither can directly reach the other. The solution:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>A sends a <strong>PunchIntro</strong> message to node I (an introducer — any public-IP node they both know). The message includes A’s external address (from STUN) and an Ed25519 signature proving A’s identity.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>I verifies the signature and forwards a <strong>PunchRequest</strong> to B, including A’s address and the original signature.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>B verifies the signature (proving the request really came from A, not a spoofed source). B then sends a UDP packet to A’s external address — this opens a pinhole in B’s NAT. B also sends a <strong>PunchReady</strong> message back to A with B’s external address.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A sends a UDP packet to B’s external address. Both NATs now have pinholes, and the two nodes can communicate directly.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The entire process takes 2-5 seconds. The Ed25519 signatures prevent <strong>reflection attacks</strong>, where an attacker replays an old introduction to redirect traffic.</p>
<h2 id="relay-fallback"><a class="header" href="#relay-fallback">Relay fallback</a></h2>
<p>When hole punching fails (Symmetric NAT, strict firewalls, or corporate networks), nodes fall back to relaying through a public-IP node:</p>
<ol>
<li>A sends a <strong>RelayRequest</strong> to node R (a public-IP node with relay enabled).</li>
<li>R creates a session and sends a <strong>RelayOffer</strong> to both A and B, containing the relay address and a session token.</li>
<li>A and B send their packets to R, prefixed with the session token. R strips the token and forwards the payload to the other peer.</li>
</ol>
<p>Relay sessions have bandwidth limits:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>256 KB/s</strong> for peers with good reciprocity (they store fragments for others)</li>
<li><strong>64 KB/s</strong> for peers without reciprocity</li>
<li>Non-reciprocal sessions are limited to 10 minutes</li>
</ul>
<p>This encourages nodes to contribute storage — good network citizens get better relay service.</p>
<h2 id="address-migration"><a class="header" href="#address-migration">Address migration</a></h2>
<p>When a mobile device switches networks (Wi-Fi to cellular), its IP address changes. Rather than tearing down and rebuilding relay sessions, the node sends a signed <strong>RelayMigrate</strong> message to update its address in the existing session. This avoids re-establishing connections from scratch.</p>
<h2 id="configuration"><a class="header" href="#configuration">Configuration</a></h2>
<p>The <code>[nat]</code> section in the daemon config controls NAT traversal:</p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[nat]
# STUN servers for NAT type detection
stun_servers = ["stun.l.google.com:19302", "stun.cloudflare.com:3478"]
# Enable relay (forward traffic for other NATed peers)
relay_enabled = false
# Maximum simultaneous relay sessions
relay_max_sessions = 50
# Bandwidth limit for reciprocal peers (KB/s)
relay_reciprocal_kbps = 256
# Bandwidth limit for non-reciprocal peers (KB/s)
relay_bootstrap_kbps = 64
# Relay session idle timeout (seconds)
relay_idle_timeout_secs = 60
</code></pre>
<p>To run a relay node, set <code>relay_enabled = true</code>. Your node must have a public IP (or a port-forwarded router) to serve as a relay.</p>
<h2 id="mobile-reconnection"><a class="header" href="#mobile-reconnection">Mobile reconnection</a></h2>
<p>When the Tesseras app detects a network change on a mobile device, it runs a three-phase reconnection sequence:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>QUIC migration</strong> (0-2s) — QUIC supports connection migration natively. The app tries to migrate all active connections to the new address.</li>
<li><strong>Re-STUN</strong> (2-5s) — discover the new external address and re-announce to the DHT.</li>
<li><strong>Re-establish</strong> (5-10s) — reconnect peers that migration couldn’t save, in priority order: bootstrap nodes first, then nodes holding your fragments, then nodes whose fragments you hold.</li>
</ol>
<p>The app shows reconnection progress through the <code>NetworkChanged</code> event stream.</p>
<h2 id="monitoring"><a class="header" href="#monitoring">Monitoring</a></h2>
<p>NAT traversal exposes Prometheus metrics at <code>/metrics</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>tesseras_nat_type</code> — current detected NAT type</li>
<li><code>tesseras_stun_requests_total</code> / <code>tesseras_stun_failures_total</code> — STUN reliability</li>
<li><code>tesseras_punch_attempts_total{initiator_nat, target_nat}</code> — punch success rate by NAT pair</li>
<li><code>tesseras_relay_sessions_active</code> — current relay load</li>
<li><code>tesseras_relay_bytes_forwarded</code> — total relay bandwidth</li>
<li><code>tesseras_network_change_total</code> — network change frequency on mobile</li>
</ul>
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