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+ <title>Phase 4: Heir Key Recovery with Shamir&#x27;s Secret Sharing — Tesseras</title>
+ <meta name="description" content="Tesseras now lets you split your cryptographic identity into shares distributed to trusted heirs — any threshold of them can reconstruct your keys, but fewer reveal nothing.">
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+ <h2>Phase 4: Heir Key Recovery with Shamir&#x27;s Secret Sharing</h2>
+ <p class="news-date">2026-02-15</p>
+ <p>What happens to your memories when you die? Until now, Tesseras could preserve
+content across millennia — but the private and sealed keys died with their
+owner. Phase 4 continues with a solution: Shamir's Secret Sharing, a
+cryptographic scheme that lets you split your identity into shares and
+distribute them to the people you trust most.</p>
+<p>The math is elegant: you choose a threshold T and a total N. Any T shares
+reconstruct the full secret; T-1 shares reveal absolutely nothing. This is not
+"almost nothing" — it is information-theoretically secure. An attacker with one
+fewer share than the threshold has exactly zero bits of information about the
+secret, no matter how much computing power they have.</p>
+<h2 id="what-was-built">What was built</h2>
+<p><strong>GF(256) finite field arithmetic</strong> (<code>tesseras-crypto/src/shamir/gf256.rs</code>) —
+Shamir's Secret Sharing requires arithmetic in a finite field. We implement
+GF(256) using the same irreducible polynomial as AES (x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1),
+with compile-time lookup tables for logarithm and exponentiation. All operations
+are constant-time via table lookups — no branches on secret data. The module
+includes Horner's method for polynomial evaluation and Lagrange interpolation at
+x=0 for secret recovery. 233 lines, exhaustively tested: all 256 elements for
+identity/inverse properties, commutativity, and associativity.</p>
+<p><strong>ShamirSplitter</strong> (<code>tesseras-crypto/src/shamir/mod.rs</code>) — The core
+split/reconstruct API. <code>split()</code> takes a secret byte slice, a configuration
+(threshold T, total N), and the owner's Ed25519 public key. For each byte of the
+secret, it constructs a random polynomial of degree T-1 over GF(256) with the
+secret byte as the constant term, then evaluates it at N distinct points.
+<code>reconstruct()</code> takes T or more shares and recovers the secret via Lagrange
+interpolation. Both operations include extensive validation: threshold bounds,
+session consistency, owner fingerprint matching, and BLAKE3 checksum
+verification.</p>
+<p><strong>HeirShare format</strong> — Each share is a self-contained, serializable artifact
+with:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Format version (v1) for forward compatibility</li>
+<li>Share index (1..N) and threshold/total metadata</li>
+<li>Session ID (random 8 bytes) — prevents mixing shares from different split
+sessions</li>
+<li>Owner fingerprint (first 8 bytes of BLAKE3 hash of the Ed25519 public key)</li>
+<li>Share data (the Shamir y-values, same length as the secret)</li>
+<li>BLAKE3 checksum over all preceding fields</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Shares are serialized in two formats: <strong>MessagePack</strong> (compact binary, for
+programmatic use) and <strong>base64 text</strong> (human-readable, for printing and physical
+storage). The text format includes a header with metadata and delimiters:</p>
+<pre><code>--- TESSERAS HEIR SHARE ---
+Format: v1
+Owner: a1b2c3d4e5f6a7b8 (fingerprint)
+Share: 1 of 3 (threshold: 2)
+Session: 9f8e7d6c5b4a3210
+Created: 2026-02-15
+
+&lt;base64-encoded MessagePack data&gt;
+--- END HEIR SHARE ---
+</code></pre>
+<p>This format is designed to be printed on paper, stored in a safe deposit box, or
+engraved on metal. The header is informational — only the base64 payload is
+parsed during reconstruction.</p>
+<p><strong>CLI integration</strong> (<code>tesseras-cli/src/commands/heir.rs</code>) — Three new
+subcommands:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>tes heir create</code> — splits your Ed25519 identity into heir shares. Prompts for
+confirmation (your full identity is at stake), generates both <code>.bin</code> and
+<code>.txt</code> files for each share, and writes <code>heir_meta.json</code> to your identity
+directory.</li>
+<li><code>tes heir reconstruct</code> — loads share files (auto-detects binary vs text
+format), validates consistency, reconstructs the secret, derives the Ed25519
+keypair, and optionally installs it to <code>~/.tesseras/identity/</code> (with automatic
+backup of the existing identity).</li>
+<li><code>tes heir info</code> — displays share metadata and verifies the checksum without
+exposing any secret material.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Secret blob format</strong> — Identity keys are serialized into a versioned blob
+before splitting: a version byte (0x01), a flags byte (0x00 for Ed25519-only),
+followed by the 32-byte Ed25519 secret key. This leaves room for future
+expansion when X25519 and ML-KEM-768 private keys are integrated into the heir
+share system.</p>
+<p><strong>Testing</strong> — 20 unit tests for ShamirSplitter (roundtrip, all share
+combinations, insufficient shares, wrong owner, wrong session, threshold-1
+boundary, large secrets up to ML-KEM-768 key size). 7 unit tests for GF(256)
+arithmetic (exhaustive field properties). 3 property-based tests with proptest
+(arbitrary secrets up to 5000 bytes, arbitrary T-of-N configurations,
+information-theoretic security verification). Serialization roundtrip tests for
+both MessagePack and base64 text formats. 2 integration tests covering the
+complete heir lifecycle: generate identity, split into shares, serialize,
+deserialize, reconstruct, verify keypair, and sign/verify with reconstructed
+keys.</p>
+<h2 id="architecture-decisions">Architecture decisions</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>GF(256) over GF(prime)</strong>: we use GF(256) rather than a prime field because
+it maps naturally to bytes — each element is a single byte, each share is the
+same length as the secret. No big-integer arithmetic, no modular reduction, no
+padding. This is the same approach used by most real-world Shamir
+implementations including SSSS and Hashicorp Vault.</li>
+<li><strong>Compile-time lookup tables</strong>: the LOG and EXP tables for GF(256) are
+computed at compile time using <code>const fn</code>. This means zero runtime
+initialization cost and constant-time operations via table lookups rather than
+loops.</li>
+<li><strong>Session ID prevents cross-session mixing</strong>: each call to <code>split()</code> generates
+a fresh random session ID. If an heir accidentally uses shares from two
+different split sessions (e.g., before and after a key rotation),
+reconstruction fails cleanly with a validation error rather than producing
+garbage output.</li>
+<li><strong>BLAKE3 checksums detect corruption</strong>: each share includes a BLAKE3 checksum
+over its contents. This catches bit rot, transmission errors, and accidental
+truncation before any reconstruction attempt. A share printed on paper and
+scanned back via OCR will fail the checksum if a single character is wrong.</li>
+<li><strong>Owner fingerprint for identification</strong>: shares include the first 8 bytes of
+BLAKE3(Ed25519 public key) as a fingerprint. This lets heirs verify which
+identity a share belongs to without revealing the full public key. During
+reconstruction, the fingerprint is cross-checked against the recovered key.</li>
+<li><strong>Dual format for resilience</strong>: both binary (MessagePack) and text (base64)
+formats are generated because physical media has different failure modes than
+digital storage. A USB drive might fail; paper survives. A QR code might be
+unreadable; base64 text can be manually typed.</li>
+<li><strong>Blob versioning</strong>: the secret is wrapped in a versioned blob (version +
+flags + key material) so future versions can include additional keys (X25519,
+ML-KEM-768) without breaking backward compatibility with existing shares.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="what-comes-next">What comes next</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Phase 4 continued: Resilience and Scale</strong> — advanced NAT traversal
+(STUN/TURN), performance tuning (connection pooling, fragment caching, SQLite
+WAL), security audits, institutional node onboarding, OS packaging</li>
+<li><strong>Phase 5: Exploration and Culture</strong> — public tessera browser by
+era/location/theme/language, institutional curation, genealogy integration,
+physical media export (M-DISC, microfilm, acid-free paper with QR)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>With Shamir's Secret Sharing, Tesseras closes the last critical gap in long-term
+preservation. Your memories survive infrastructure failures through erasure
+coding. Your privacy survives quantum computers through hybrid encryption. And
+now, your identity survives you — passed on to the people you chose, requiring
+their cooperation to unlock what you left behind.</p>
+
+</article>
+
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